Sources
(1) Intelligence Oversight Board, "Report on the Guatemala Review," June 28, 1996, p. 3.
(2) Associated Press, "Report Says CIA Guatemala Contacts Violated Human Rights," March 18, 1997.
(3) Tim Weiner, "For the U.S., a Bad Bedfellow in Guatemala," New York Times, May 12, 1996, p. E4.
(4) Frank Smyth, "The Nun Who Knew Too Much," Washington Post, May 12, 1996, p. C1.
(5) Allan Nairn, "CIA Death Squad," The Nation, April 17, 1995, p. 511. In another article two months later, Nairn identified the names and years of service for the CIA's station chiefs in Guatemala from 1977 to 1995. See "The Country Team," The Nation, June 5, 1995, p. 780.
(6) George Gedda, "Official Says CIA Hounds Him," Associated Press, November 16, 1996.
(7) George Gedda, "Ex-Clinton Aide Quits, Reams CIA," Associated Press, February 25, 1997.
(8) R. Jeffrey Smith, "CIA Drops Over 100 Informants," Washington Post, March 2, 1997, p. A1.
(9) The Baltimore Sun's four-part series on Honduras, which ran in the newspaper from June 11 to 18, 1995, is available on the Internet at http://www.sunspot.net/sunspot/crabhouse/channel/cia/honduras1.html. A reprint of the series can be purchased for $6.95 from the Baltimore Sun, 501 N. Calvert St., Baltimore, MD, 21278.
(10) Telephone interview with Gary Cohn, February 28, 1997.
(11) Daniel Schorr, National Public Radio, February 16, 1997, transcript #97021609-215.
(12) For a detailed account of Nosenko's detention, including his remarks on the interrogations and druggings, see Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA's Master Spy Hunter (Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 160-207.
(13) Ellen Herman, "The Career of Cold War Psychology," Radical History Review, Fall 1995, pp. 53-85. This article is drawn from Herman's book The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (University of California Press, 1995).
(14) For numerous examples, see Christopher Simpson, Science of Coercion: Communication Research & Psychological Warfare 1945-1960 (Oxford University Press, 1994). Further insights and arguments about government attempts to harness social science expertise for national security purposes can be found in Irving Louis Horowitz, ed., The Rise and Fall of Project Camelot (M.I.T. Press, 1967).
(15) In one of his last acts as Director of Central Intelligence, in early 1973 Richard Helms ordered the destruction of the MKULTRA files (though some records survived, some of which were later declassified). See Thomas Powers, The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA (Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 272. Concerning still-classified records, Steven Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists' Project on Government Secrecy recently noted: "In 1995, the Presidential Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments called for the expeditious declassification of all surviving classified records from MKULTRA and more than half a dozen related CIA human experimentation programs from the late 1940s to the early 1970s. To date, the CIA has not complied with this recommendation." See Steven Aftergood, "Secrecy and Accountability in U.S. Intelligence," paper presented at Center for International Policy seminar on intelligence reform, October 9, 1996, note 2. (Available on the Internet at http://www.fas.org/sgp/cipsecr.html).
(16) John Marks, The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control (Times Books, 1979), p. 128.
(17) Ibid., p. 161.
(18) Simpson, p. 186 n117.
(19) Marks, p. 143.
(20) Ibid., pp. 164-181; pp. Orrin DeForest and David Chanoff, Slow Burn: The Rise and Bitter Fall of American Intelligence in Vietnam (Simon & Schuster, 1990), 63-66.
(21) Peter Kornbluh, Nicaragua: The Price of Intervention (Institute for Policy Studies, 1987), pp. 43-45.
(22) Dana Priest, "Army's Project X Had Wider Audience," Washington Post, March 6, 1997, p. A1.
(23) Office of Representative Joseph P. Kennedy, Press Release, "Kennedy Responds to Pentagon Report on 'Torture' Manuals," February 21, 1997.
(24) Amnesty International USA, Statement on United States Army Training Manuals Containing Materials Inconsistent With U.S. Policy, October 4, 1996.
(25) Priest, "Army's Project X Had Wider Audience."
(26) See Douglas Valentine, The Phoenix Program (William Morrow and Company, 1990), pp. 73-88.
(27) See Michael McClintock, Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940-1990 (Pantheon Books, 1992), pp. 188-196.
(28) Seymour M. Hersh, "Ex-Analyst Says CIA Rejected Warning on Shah," New York Times, January 7, 1979, p. A3.
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